1. Two or more high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities, including del (17p), t (4; 14), t (14; 16), del (1p), amp (1q). Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to analyze CD138 positive sorted cells, with cut off value of 15% for translocation, 10% for deletion, and amp (1q) of 20%.
2. Extracellular plasma cell disease, central invasion of myeloma, plasma cell leukemia
3. History of other malignant tumors within the past 5 years
4. Patients with HIV, active tuberculosis, clinically active hepatitis A, B, or C
5. Other serious condition that may restrict patients from continuing treatment (such as advanced infection, uncontrolled diabetes, severe cardiac insufficiency, or angina pectoris)
7. Pregnant or lactating women
8. Suffering from other serious organic diseases and mental disorders.